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Human Anatomy
Definition:- Human Anatomy is the branch of science which explains the structure and functions of human body.
Sub Divisions Of Anatomy
1.Gross Anatomy:- Study of parts of body by naked eye in the disection of cadebus (dead body).
2.Regional Anatomy:- The study of different regions of body (bake, upper, thoracic, abdominal region etc)
3.Systemic Anatomy:- The study of different systems of body ( skeleton, muscular etc)
4.Histology:- Study of different organs at tissue level
5.Embryology:- Study of development and changes of embryo until birth.
6.Surgical Anatomy:- Study in relation to the different surgeries.
7.Sectional Anatomy:- Study of various parts of body in coronal, horizontal and surgical sections.
8.Living Anatomy:- Study of parts of the living human being.
9.Splanchnology:- The study of visceral organs of body.
2.Skeleton System:- Consist of bones, joints and cartelegous.
3.Muscular System:- Consist of muscles and composed of skeleton muscles.
4.Cardiovascular System:- Consist of blood, heart and blood vessel.
5.Digestive System:- Consist of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,small and large intestine, anus,
salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
6.Respiratory System:- Consist of lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.
7.Urinary Bladder:- Consist of kideys, uterus, utinary bladder and urethra.
8.Reproductive System:- Consist of testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle,
ejaculatory duct and penis ( in males ) uterus, vagina, uterine tubes and ovaries ( in females ).
9.Lymphatic System:- Consist of lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
10.Endocrine System:- Consist of pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testis.
11.Nervous System:- Consist of brain, spinal chord, nerves, eyes and ears.
PLAINS OF BODY
Bodies often sectioned along the plain to study the internal anatomy. There are three plains/sections of human body.
1.Saggital section/ Longitudinal Plain
Divides the structure into right and left equal parts.
2.Coronal Section/ Frontal Section
Passes right angles to the surgical plain and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
3.Transverse Plain/ Horizontal Plain Passes right angles to the both surgical and coronal plains. Divides the structure into superior and inferior parts.
BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMS
1.Anterior:- Towards the front. For example: Sternum is anterior to the vertebral column.
2.Posterior:- Towards the back. For Example: Vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.
3.Superior:- Towards the top. For Example: Nose is superor to mouth.
4.inferior:- Towards the bottom. For Example: Mouth is inferior to nose.
5.Caudal:- Towards the bottom. For Example: Neck is caudal to the skull
6.Cranial:- Towards the top. For Example: Skull is cranial to neck.
7.Medial:- Towards the bottom. For Example: Nose is medial to ears.
8.Lateral:- Towards the sideways or away from the mid line. For Example:- Ears are lateral to nose.
9.Superfacial:- Situated on surface. For Example:- Skin is superfacial to bones.
10.Dwe:- Situated towards inside. For Example:- Bones are dwe to the skin.
11.Proximal:- Situated closer to the origin of the body (organ)
. For Example:- Elbow is proximal to wrist.
12.Distal:- Situated further from the origin of body. For Example:- Wrist is distal to the elbow.
SPLEEN INTRODUCTION Spleen (Greek splen and Latin Lien) is a lymphatic organ connected to the blood vascular system. It acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role in the immune responses of the body. Location Location of spleen (a) in relation to the nine regions of abdomen (b) in relation to the fundus of stomach and the diaphragm The spleen (Latin low spirits) is a wedge-shaped organ lying mainly in the left hypochondrium, and partly in the epigastrium. It is wedged in between the fundus of the stomach and the diaphragm. The spleen is tetrahedral in shape. Dimensions The spleen is soft, highly vascular and dark purple in colour. The size and weight of the spleen are markedly variable. On an average the spleen is 1 inch or 2.5 cm thick, 3 inches or 7.5 cm broad, 5 inches or 12.5 cm long,7 ounces in weight, and is related to 9th to 11th rihe The odd numbers are 1, 3, 5 are 7, 9, 11. Normally, the spleen i...
INTRODUCTION Abdominal cavity is the largest cavity. It encloses the peritoneal cavity between its parietal and visceral layers. Parietal layer clings to the wall of parieties while visceral layer is intimately adherent to viscera concerned. So their vascular supply and nerve supply are same as the parieties and viscera respectively. There are very lengthy organs in the abdominal cavity. These had to be disciplined with limited movements for proper functioning of the gut in particular and the body in general. Infections involving the parietal peritoneum impart protective "board-like rigidity" to the abdominal wall. Referred pain from the viscera to a dÃstant area is due to somatic and sympathetic nerves reaching the same spinal segment. NINE REGIONS OF ABDOMEN For the purpose of describing the location of viscera, the abdomen is divided into nine regions by four imaginary planes, two horizontal and two vertical. The horizontal planes are the transpyloric and transtuber- cul...
Large Intestine Features The large intestine extends from the ileocaecal junction to the anus. It is about blind 1.5 m long, and is divided into the caecum (Latin blind pouch), the ascending colon, right colic flexure, the transverse colon, left colic flexure, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum and the anal canal. In the angle between the caecum and the terminal part of the ileum, there is a narrow diverticulum called the vermiform appendix (Latin attachment). The general structure of large intestine is considered first followed by its parts one by one. The structure of the large intestine is adapted for storage of matter reaching it from the small intestines, and for absorption of fluid and solutes from it. The epithelium is absorptive (columnar), but villi are absent. Adequate lubrication for passage of its contents is provided by numerous goblet cells scattered in the crypts as well as on the surface of the mucous membrane. The presence of numerou...
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