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Human Anatomy


Definition:- Human Anatomy is the branch of science which explains the structure and functions of human body.

Sub Divisions Of Anatomy

1.Gross Anatomy:- Study of parts of body by naked eye in the disection of cadebus (dead body).

2.Regional Anatomy:- The study of different regions of body (bake, upper, thoracic, abdominal region etc)

3.Systemic Anatomy:- The study of different systems of body ( skeleton, muscular etc)

4.Histology:- Study of different organs at tissue level

5.Embryology:- Study of development and changes of embryo until birth.

6.Surgical Anatomy:- Study in relation to the different surgeries.

7.Sectional Anatomy:- Study of various parts of body in coronal, horizontal and surgical sections.

8.Living Anatomy:- Study of parts of the living human being.

9.Splanchnology:- The study of visceral organs of body.

10.Neuro Anatomy:- Study of nervous system.

Systems of body

1.Integumentary system:- Consist of skin, hairs, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.

2.Skeleton System:- Consist of bones, joints and cartelegous.

3.Muscular System:- Consist of muscles and composed of skeleton muscles.

4.Cardiovascular System:- Consist of blood, heart and blood vessel.

5.Digestive System:- Consist of mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,small and large intestine, anus, 
salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.

6.Respiratory System:- Consist of lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.

7.Urinary Bladder:- Consist of kideys, uterus, utinary bladder and urethra.

8.Reproductive System:- Consist of testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, 
ejaculatory duct and penis ( in males ) uterus, vagina, uterine tubes and ovaries ( in females ).

9.Lymphatic System:- Consist of lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.

10.Endocrine System:- Consist of pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testis.

11.Nervous System:- Consist of brain, spinal chord, nerves, eyes and ears.

PLAINS OF BODY
Bodies often sectioned along the plain to study the internal anatomy. There are three plains/sections of human body.

1.Saggital section/ Longitudinal Plain
Divides the structure into right and left equal parts.

2.Coronal Section/ Frontal Section
Passes right angles to the surgical plain and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

3.Transverse Plain/ Horizontal Plain
Passes right angles to the both surgical and coronal plains. Divides the structure into superior and inferior parts.

BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMS

1.Anterior:- Towards the front. For example: Sternum is anterior to the vertebral column.

2.Posterior:- Towards the back. For Example: Vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

3.Superior:- Towards the top. For Example: Nose is superor to mouth.

4.inferior:- Towards the bottom. For Example: Mouth is inferior to nose.

5.Caudal:- Towards the bottom. For Example: Neck is caudal to the skull

6.Cranial:- Towards the top. For Example: Skull is cranial to neck.

7.Medial:- Towards the bottom. For Example: Nose is medial to ears.

8.Lateral:- Towards the sideways or away from the mid line. For Example:- Ears are lateral to nose.

9.Superfacial:- Situated on surface. For Example:- Skin is superfacial to bones.

10.Dwe:- Situated towards inside. For Example:- Bones are dwe to the skin.

11.Proximal:- Situated closer to the origin of the body (organ)
. For Example:- Elbow is proximal to wrist.

12.Distal:- Situated further from the origin of body. For Example:- Wrist is distal to the elbow.

ANATOMICAL POSITION
Face facing forward

Standing erect posture

Arms down at side

Palms facing forward

Thumbs pointing to sides

Feet pointing forward

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